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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" style="margin-top:0; width:350px;" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Physikalische_Größe" summary="Infobox Physikalische Größe">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF; color:inherit;"><a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">Physikalische Größe</a>
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<tr>
<td style="width:130px;">Name
</td>
<td><b>Winkelgeschwindigkeit, Rotationsgeschwindigkeit, Drehgeschwindigkeit</b>
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<tr>
<td><a href="Formelzeichen" title="Formelzeichen">Formelzeichen</a>
</td>
<td><i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4e066a68ceb355e3314fb2b97f1c0c421ca6074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}" loading="lazy"></span></i>
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<tr>
<td>Abgeleitet von
</td>
<td><a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkel</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="margin:0; padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:-1px; width:350px;" summary="Einheitensysteme">

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<th><a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem" title="Größensystem">Größen-</a> und<br><a href="Einheitensystem" title="Einheitensystem">Einheitensystem</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Ma%C3%9Feinheit" title="Maßeinheit">Einheit</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Internationales_Einheitensystem" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">SI</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radiant_(Einheit)" title="Radiant (Einheit)">rad</a>·<a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">s</a><sup>−1</sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">T</a><sup>−1</sup>
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<p>Die <b>Winkelgeschwindigkeit</b> ist in der <a href="Physik" title="Physik">Physik</a> eine <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">vektorielle</a> <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">Größe</a>, die angibt, wie schnell sich ein <a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkel</a> mit der <a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">Zeit</a> um eine Achse ändert. Ihr Formelzeichen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4e066a68ceb355e3314fb2b97f1c0c421ca6074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}" loading="lazy"></span> (kleines <a href="Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a>). Die <a href="SI-Einheit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI-Einheit">SI-Einheit</a> der Winkelgeschwindigkeit ist <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {rad} }{\mathrm {s} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {rad} }{\mathrm {s} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe9f7c60c2aa827c030e2650efaffdf01fd8d042.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.217ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {rad} }{\mathrm {s} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span> Sie spielt insbesondere bei <a href="Rotation_(Physik)" title="Rotation (Physik)">Rotationen</a> eine Rolle und wird dann auch als <b>Rotationsgeschwindigkeit</b> oder <b>Drehgeschwindigkeit</b> bezeichnet. In vielen Fällen, bei denen sich die Richtung der Drehachse im Bezugssystem nicht ändert, reicht die <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalare</a> Verwendung als Betrag des Vektors aus.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitionen">Definitionen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</h3></div>

<p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4e066a68ceb355e3314fb2b97f1c0c421ca6074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird durch einen <a href="Pseudovektor" title="Pseudovektor">Pseudovektor</a> dargestellt, der die Richtung der Drehachse und die Schnelligkeit der Rotationsbewegung angibt; sie gilt für jeden Punkt des rotierenden Systems, ihr Vektor ist nicht nur in der Rotationsachse platziert. Die Richtung des Pseudovektors ist so orientiert, dass sie gemäß der <a href="Korkenzieherregel" title="Korkenzieherregel">Korkenzieherregel</a> die Rotationsrichtung angibt. Der <a href="Vektor#Länge/Betrag_eines_Vektors" title="Vektor">Betrag</a> der Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =\left|{\vec {\omega }}\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =\left|{\vec {\omega }}\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8213afe2de04d44845f4bdf3b5f8abec2b5412f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.284ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =\left|{\vec {\omega }}\right|}" loading="lazy"></span> ist gleich der <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> des Rotationswinkels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> nach der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {\mathrm {d} \varphi }{\mathrm {d} t}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</mfrac>
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<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {\mathrm {d} \varphi }{\mathrm {d} t}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/756dfe83c26e203b9c658d1bd4f6293443501214.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.485ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {\mathrm {d} \varphi }{\mathrm {d} t}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei konstanter Winkelgeschwindigkeit gilt daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/689caf6d9f39dbc57a3d4ee99c82c98e31193e72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.875ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>denn in der Umlaufzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> wird der Winkel 2<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> durchlaufen.
</p><p>Bei einer ebenen Kreisbewegung ändert sich die Richtung der momentanen Bahngeschwindigkeit eines Punktes mit der gleichen Winkelgeschwindigkeit wie der Radiusvektor des Punktes. Bei einer im Raum gekrümmten Bahnkurve gilt dies für den momentanen Krümmungskreis. Die Änderung der Richtung der Bahngeschwindigkeit kann man daher genauso gut zu einer Definition der Winkelgeschwindigkeit nutzen. Sie ergibt sich direkt aus den Daten der Bahn und erfordert keine Bestimmung einer Drehachse.
</p><p>Der Betrag <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> der Winkelgeschwindigkeit wird meist bei Vorgängen verwendet, bei denen sich die Drehachse nicht ändert. Eine Änderung von Richtung oder Betrag der Winkelgeschwindigkeit ist Folge einer <a href="Winkelbeschleunigung" title="Winkelbeschleunigung">Winkelbeschleunigung</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahngeschwindigkeit">Bahngeschwindigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Jeder Punkt des rotierenden Systems beschreibt eine Kreisbahn, deren Ebene senkrecht zur Drehachse liegt. Die Bahn- oder Umlaufgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Punktes auf diesem Kreis ist dem Betrag nach
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=\omega \,r_{\perp }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=\omega \,r_{\perp }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8376d7d3c807d9326608de8d43394fed9aa57ece.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.618ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=\omega \,r_{\perp }}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\perp }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\perp }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20b303385f918a4189371be2f509566cab54ab99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.559ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\perp }}" loading="lazy"></span> der Radius der Kreisbewegung ist. Denn zur infinitesimalen Zeitspanne <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/588a981eb3c6f32c01153f8710a7f70029b5e553.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.132ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span> gehört der infinitesimale Weg <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s=r_{\perp }\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =r_{\perp }\,\omega \,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
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</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s=r_{\perp }\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =r_{\perp }\,\omega \,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7b3fc466d7a74d9b40ff242ae9dbf25bab9728d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.251ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} s=r_{\perp }\,\mathrm {d} \varphi =r_{\perp }\,\omega \,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Liegt der Ursprung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>O</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d70e1d0d87e2ef1092ea1ffe2923d9933ff18fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O}" loading="lazy"></span> des Koordinatensystems auf der Drehachse, dann ist die Bahngeschwindigkeit nach Richtung und Betrag gleich dem <a href="Kreuzprodukt" title="Kreuzprodukt">Kreuzprodukt</a> aus Winkelgeschwindigkeit und Ortsvektor:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eac5e5f9551ad9a2c8a68ff050352a2f2ec34783.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.783ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>denn der Abstand von der Achse ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\perp }=r\,\mathrm {sin} \vartheta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
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<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
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<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\perp }=r\,\mathrm {sin} \vartheta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36a3c594ea2994adc7c32c840f08464997deae49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.323ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\perp }=r\,\mathrm {sin} \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit dem <a href="Polarwinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarwinkel">Polarwinkel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vartheta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vartheta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d00eaf197c35bbfa391b9477490a4af955416837.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.374ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span>, der den konstant bleibenden Winkelabstand zwischen der Drehachse und dem Ortsvektor zum betrachteten Punkt angibt.
</p><p>Diese Betrachtung der Änderungsgeschwindigkeit des Ortsvektors gilt für jeden Vektor, der einer Drehung unterworfen ist, z.&nbsp;B. für die Basisvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}'_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}'_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bad4ad9ac63bca00ec49ae97c1d3e776d6978ff2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.023ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}'_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\in \{x,y,z\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\in \{x,y,z\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dd7b211f630dfb50ad258030f3cb39b0303237f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.609ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\in \{x,y,z\}}" loading="lazy"></span>) eines <a href="Rotierendes_Bezugssystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotierendes Bezugssystem">rotierenden Bezugssystems</a>. Deren Änderungsgeschwindigkeit ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {e}}'_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,=\,{\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {e}}'_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {e}}'_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,=\,{\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {e}}'_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4a86b368b8847e8198c3107662032a498a3f132.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.333ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {e}}'_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,=\,{\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {e}}'_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abgrenzung_zur_Kreisfrequenz">Abgrenzung zur Kreisfrequenz</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Kreisfrequenz" title="Kreisfrequenz">Kreisfrequenz</a></i></div>
<p>Obwohl die <a href="Kreisfrequenz" title="Kreisfrequenz">Kreisfrequenz</a> und die Winkelgeschwindigkeit mit demselben Formelzeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet werden und obwohl sie in derselben Einheit gemessen werden, handelt es sich um zwei verschiedene physikalische Größen.
</p><p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit gibt die Änderungsrate eines geometrischen Winkels an und wird im Zusammenhang von Drehbewegungen verwendet.
</p><p>Die Kreisfrequenz dagegen ist eine abstrakte Größe im Kontext von Schwingungen.<sup id="cite_ref-KnaebelJäger2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnaebelJäger2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Schwingung kann mathematisch durch einen rotierenden Zeiger dargestellt werden (siehe <a href="Zeigermodell" title="Zeigermodell">Zeigermodell</a>). Der Winkel des Zeigers wird als Phase oder Phasenwinkel bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Änderungsgeschwindigkeit dieses Phasenwinkels ist die Kreisfrequenz. Sie ist also –&nbsp;wie auch die <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a>&nbsp;– ein Maß dafür, wie schnell eine Schwingung abläuft und hat –&nbsp;abgesehen von der Rotation des gedachten Zeigers&nbsp;– nichts mit einer Drehbewegung zu tun.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeit_des_Sehstrahls">Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Sehstrahls</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ebene_Bewegung">Ebene Bewegung</h3></div>

<p>Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor <b>v</b> eines Teilchens&nbsp;P relativ zu einem Beobachter&nbsp;O kann in <a href="Polarkoordinaten" title="Polarkoordinaten">Polarkoordinaten</a> zerlegt werden. Die <a href="Radialgeschwindigkeit" title="Radialgeschwindigkeit">radiale Komponente</a> des Geschwindigkeitsvektors ändert die Richtung des <a href="Fahrstrahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrstrahl">Sehstrahls</a> nicht. Zwischen der <a href="Tangentialgeschwindigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangentialgeschwindigkeit">tangentialen Komponente</a> und der Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Sehstrahls besteht die Beziehung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {v} _{\perp }={\frac {\mathrm {d} \phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}\,r=\omega \cdot r\;.}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
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<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
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<mrow>
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<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {v} _{\perp }={\frac {\mathrm {d} \phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}\,r=\omega \cdot r\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84f2a668cc4fbbc6bf90e8c18cfb6263d1dfaf0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.351ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {v} _{\perp }={\frac {\mathrm {d} \phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}\,r=\omega \cdot r\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es ist anzumerken, dass die Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Sehstrahls vom (willkürlich) gewählten Ort des Beobachters abhängt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Räumliche_Bewegung"><span id="R.C3.A4umliche_Bewegung"></span>Räumliche Bewegung</h3></div>
<p>In drei Dimensionen ist die Winkelgeschwindigkeit durch ihren Betrag und ihre Richtung gekennzeichnet.
</p><p>Wie im zweidimensionalen Fall hat das Teilchen eine Komponente seines Geschwindigkeitsvektors in Richtung des Radiusvektors und eine weitere senkrecht dazu. Die <a href="Parameterform#Parameterform_einer_Ebenengleichung" title="Parameterform">Ebene</a> mit Stützvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e76498919cf387316fc79d04120c59a8d430ef36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (Ort des Beobachters) und Richtungsvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}">
<semantics>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6aec3c9ce13b53e9e24c98e7cce4212627884c91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{\perp }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{\perp }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0eed1b095603ff25c815620f3c0e88f215798ec0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.686ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{\perp }}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert eine Rotationsebene, in der das Verhalten des Teilchens für einen Augenblick wie im zweidimensionalen Fall erscheint. Die Rotationsachse ist dann senkrecht zu dieser Ebene und definiert die Richtung des Vektors der momentanen Winkelgeschwindigkeit. Radius- und Geschwindigkeitsvektor werden als bekannt vorausgesetzt. Es gilt dann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\frac {{\vec {r}}\times {\vec {v}}}{|{\vec {r}}|^{2}}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\frac {{\vec {r}}\times {\vec {v}}}{|{\vec {r}}|^{2}}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22fe2de766d6c6756db771be90215e45430494e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.911ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\frac {{\vec {r}}\times {\vec {v}}}{|{\vec {r}}|^{2}}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auch hier gilt, dass die so berechnete Winkelgeschwindigkeit vom (willkürlich) gewählten Ort des Beobachters abhängt.
Zum Beispiel ergibt sich in <a href="Zylinderkoordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</a> <i>(ρ, φ, z)</i> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}={\begin{pmatrix}\rho \cos \varphi \\\rho \sin \varphi \\z\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}={\begin{pmatrix}\rho \cos \varphi \\\rho \sin \varphi \\z\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/016575822c5bda0d2d666d7240fc8248d51e9c05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:15.747ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}={\begin{pmatrix}\rho \cos \varphi \\\rho \sin \varphi \\z\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und daraus berechnetem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\vec {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e643cae69386e74aa69ba0787cdb7be132f837b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.465ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\rho }^{2}+z^{2}){\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\rho }}z{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\dot {\varphi }}(-z\rho {\hat {e}}_{\rho }+\rho ^{2}{\hat {e}}_{z})-{\dot {z}}\rho {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\rho }^{2}+z^{2}){\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\rho }}z{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\dot {\varphi }}(-z\rho {\hat {e}}_{\rho }+\rho ^{2}{\hat {e}}_{z})-{\dot {z}}\rho {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3ae5cf45c6d237037e149b1ac96ae12acaa1ff7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:47.933ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\rho }^{2}+z^{2}){\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\rho }}z{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\dot {\varphi }}(-z\rho {\hat {e}}_{\rho }+\rho ^{2}{\hat {e}}_{z})-{\dot {z}}\rho {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho },{\hat {e}}_{\varphi },{\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho },{\hat {e}}_{\varphi },{\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c6c5390e42b047a9d176abba1c9625fc7ed0ac2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.334ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho },{\hat {e}}_{\varphi },{\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Basisvektoren zu <a href="Polarkoordinaten#Zylinderkoordinaten" title="Polarkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</a>.
</p><p>In <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a> <i>(r, θ, φ)</i> folgt analog
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}=-{\dot {\varphi }}\sin \theta {\hat {e}}_{\theta }+{\dot {\theta }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}=-{\dot {\varphi }}\sin \theta {\hat {e}}_{\theta }+{\dot {\theta }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6245cf61e845a0c93df583984e504411c7b54f14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.989ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}=-{\dot {\varphi }}\sin \theta {\hat {e}}_{\theta }+{\dot {\theta }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\;.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Eine Anwendung ist die Relativbewegung von Objekten in der Astronomie (siehe <a href="Eigenbewegung_(Astronomie)" title="Eigenbewegung (Astronomie)">Eigenbewegung (Astronomie)</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeit_bei_speziellen_Bewegungsansätzen"><span id="Winkelgeschwindigkeit_bei_speziellen_Bewegungsans.C3.A4tzen"></span>Winkelgeschwindigkeit bei speziellen Bewegungsansätzen</h2></div>
<p>Bei der Rotation von Körpern können Winkel zur Parametrisierung der Bewegung eingesetzt werden. Im Folgenden wird eine Auswahl häufig genutzter Ansätze beschrieben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euler-Winkel_in_der_z-y′-x″-Konvention"><span id="Euler-Winkel_in_der_z-y.E2.80.B2-x.E2.80.B3-Konvention"></span>Euler-Winkel in der z-y′-x″-Konvention</h3></div>

<p>Im Fahrzeug- oder Flugzeugbau wird die Orientierung des fahrzeugfesten Systems relativ zum erdfesten System in <a href="Eulersche_Winkel" title="Eulersche Winkel">Euler-Winkeln</a> angegeben. Genormt sind drei aufeinander folgende Drehungen. Zuerst um die z-Achse des Systems g (Gierwinkel), dann um die y-Achse des gedrehten Systems (Nickwinkel) und schließlich um die x-Achse des körperfesten Koordinatensystems (Wank/Rollwinkel).
</p><p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit des körperfesten Systems ergibt sich aus den Winkelgeschwindigkeiten um diese Achsen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\psi }}{\vec {u}}_{1}+{\dot {\theta }}{\vec {u}}_{2}+{\dot {\phi }}{\vec {u}}_{3}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\psi }}{\vec {u}}_{1}+{\dot {\theta }}{\vec {u}}_{2}+{\dot {\phi }}{\vec {u}}_{3}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33362f733e5b7bef49bc529c37350ec012635f7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.443ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\psi }}{\vec {u}}_{1}+{\dot {\theta }}{\vec {u}}_{2}+{\dot {\phi }}{\vec {u}}_{3}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="%C3%9Cberpunkt#Als_wissenschaftliches_Symbol" title="Überpunkt">aufgesetzte Punkt</a> bezeichnet die Zeitableitung. Diese Basis ist nicht orthonormal. Die Einheitsvektoren können jedoch mit Hilfe von <a href="Drehmatrix#Drehmatrizen_des_Raumes_R3" title="Drehmatrix">Elementardrehungen</a> berechnet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euler-Winkel_in_der_z-x′-z″-Konvention"><span id="Euler-Winkel_in_der_z-x.E2.80.B2-z.E2.80.B3-Konvention"></span>Euler-Winkel in der z-x′-z″-Konvention</h3></div>

<p>In der <a href="Eulersche_Winkel#Roll-,_Nick-_und_Gierwinkel:_z-y′-x″-Konvention" title="Eulersche Winkel">Standard-x-Konvention (z, x′, z″)</a>, siehe Bild, wird zunächst mit dem Winkel <i>α</i> um die raumfeste z-Achse gedreht, dann mit dem Winkel <i>β</i> um die x-Achse in ihrer Lage nach der ersten Drehung (x′-Achse, im Bild die N-Achse) und schließlich mit dem Winkel <i>γ</i> um die z-Achse in deren Lage nach den beiden vorherigen Drehungen (Kurzzeichen z″, im Bild die Z-Achse).
</p><p>Bezeichnen die Einheitsvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{x,y,z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{x,y,z}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d7a78bec27761a9465409fca86057c20f218fde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.965ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{x,y,z}}" loading="lazy"></span> die raumfeste <a href="Standardbasis" title="Standardbasis">Standardbasis</a> (blau im Bild), dann lautet die Winkelgeschwindigkeit bezüglich der raumfesten Basis
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;{\dot {\alpha }}{\hat {e}}_{z}+{\dot {\beta }}[\cos(\alpha ){\hat {e}}_{x}+\sin(\alpha ){\hat {e}}_{y}]+{\dot {\gamma }}[\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{x}-\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{y}+\cos(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{z}]\\=&amp;[{\dot {\beta }}\cos(\alpha )+{\dot {\gamma }}\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{x}+[{\dot {\beta }}\sin(\alpha )-{\dot {\gamma }}\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{y}+[{\dot {\alpha }}+{\dot {\gamma }}\cos(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{z}.\end{aligned}}}">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
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<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
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<mi>cos</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
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<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;{\dot {\alpha }}{\hat {e}}_{z}+{\dot {\beta }}[\cos(\alpha ){\hat {e}}_{x}+\sin(\alpha ){\hat {e}}_{y}]+{\dot {\gamma }}[\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{x}-\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{y}+\cos(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{z}]\\=&amp;[{\dot {\beta }}\cos(\alpha )+{\dot {\gamma }}\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{x}+[{\dot {\beta }}\sin(\alpha )-{\dot {\gamma }}\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{y}+[{\dot {\alpha }}+{\dot {\gamma }}\cos(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{z}.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5209be930be99bac2d099ea2aa6f731c73bc5e21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:84.733ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;{\dot {\alpha }}{\hat {e}}_{z}+{\dot {\beta }}[\cos(\alpha ){\hat {e}}_{x}+\sin(\alpha ){\hat {e}}_{y}]+{\dot {\gamma }}[\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{x}-\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{y}+\cos(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{z}]\\=&amp;[{\dot {\beta }}\cos(\alpha )+{\dot {\gamma }}\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{x}+[{\dot {\beta }}\sin(\alpha )-{\dot {\gamma }}\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{y}+[{\dot {\alpha }}+{\dot {\gamma }}\cos(\beta )]{\hat {e}}_{z}.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In der bewegten Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{X,Y,Z}}">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{X,Y,Z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ade3230514efb37174baefa3f99653c4618d75db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.281ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{X,Y,Z}}" loading="lazy"></span> (rot im Bild) ergibt sich gleichbedeutend:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;{\dot {\alpha }}[\sin(\beta )\sin(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{X}+\sin(\beta )\cos(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{Y}+\cos(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{Z}]+{\dot {\beta }}[\cos(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{X}-\sin(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{Y}]+{\dot {\gamma }}{\hat {e}}_{Z}\\=&amp;[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin(\beta )\sin(\gamma )+{\dot {\beta }}\cos(\gamma )]{\hat {e}}_{X}+[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin(\beta )\cos(\gamma )-{\dot {\beta }}\sin(\gamma )]{\hat {e}}_{Y}+[{\dot {\alpha }}\cos(\beta )+{\dot {\gamma }}]{\hat {e}}_{Z},\end{aligned}}}">
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;{\dot {\alpha }}[\sin(\beta )\sin(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{X}+\sin(\beta )\cos(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{Y}+\cos(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{Z}]+{\dot {\beta }}[\cos(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{X}-\sin(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{Y}]+{\dot {\gamma }}{\hat {e}}_{Z}\\=&amp;[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin(\beta )\sin(\gamma )+{\dot {\beta }}\cos(\gamma )]{\hat {e}}_{X}+[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin(\beta )\cos(\gamma )-{\dot {\beta }}\sin(\gamma )]{\hat {e}}_{Y}+[{\dot {\alpha }}\cos(\beta )+{\dot {\gamma }}]{\hat {e}}_{Z},\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abeca5600d5ae91b5f6912eda75a07ec57840bce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:85.709ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;{\dot {\alpha }}[\sin(\beta )\sin(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{X}+\sin(\beta )\cos(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{Y}+\cos(\beta ){\hat {e}}_{Z}]+{\dot {\beta }}[\cos(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{X}-\sin(\gamma ){\hat {e}}_{Y}]+{\dot {\gamma }}{\hat {e}}_{Z}\\=&amp;[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin(\beta )\sin(\gamma )+{\dot {\beta }}\cos(\gamma )]{\hat {e}}_{X}+[{\dot {\alpha }}\sin(\beta )\cos(\gamma )-{\dot {\beta }}\sin(\gamma )]{\hat {e}}_{Y}+[{\dot {\alpha }}\cos(\beta )+{\dot {\gamma }}]{\hat {e}}_{Z},\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>siehe <a href="Eulersche_Kreiselgleichungen#Bewegungsfunktion_des_symmetrischen_Kreisels" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersche Kreiselgleichungen">Bewegungsfunktion des symmetrischen Kreisels</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</h3></div>
<p>Im <a href="Zylinderkoordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinatensystem</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\rho ,\varphi ,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\rho ,\varphi ,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b915f15da61cb0537189d6795ab55d9377537056.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.687ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\rho ,\varphi ,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> lauten die Basisvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \varphi \\\sin \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin \varphi \\\cos \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{z}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \varphi \\\sin \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin \varphi \\\cos \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{z}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d669a50f8d077ca381ee75a883bff9625eaf9930.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:51.515ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{\rho }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \varphi \\\sin \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin \varphi \\\cos \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\hat {e}}_{z}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ändert sich der Winkel <i>φ,</i> dann entsteht die Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4610824c46f1f0f467fd1b23376fd89dc4ef1f61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.372ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\dot {\varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Mit ihr berechnen sich die Raten der Basisvektoren, beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{\rho }={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{\rho }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{\rho }={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{\rho }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2137c82ca5195126912f13aa9cba30aaa2e7a011.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.779ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{\rho }={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{\rho }.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dies ergibt sich aus den <a href="#Euler-Winkel_in_der_z-x′-z″-Konvention">Euler-Winkeln in der z-x′-z″-Konvention</a> mit
</p>
<ul><li><i>α = φ</i> und <i>β = γ ≡ 0</i> oder</li>
<li><i>γ = φ</i> und <i>α = β ≡ 0.</i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a> <i>(r, φ, θ)</i> können die Basisvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{r}={\begin{pmatrix}\sin \theta \cos \varphi \\\sin \theta \sin \varphi \\\cos \theta \end{pmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {e}}_{\theta }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \theta \cos \varphi \\\cos \theta \sin \varphi \\-\sin \theta \end{pmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin \varphi \\\cos \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{r}={\begin{pmatrix}\sin \theta \cos \varphi \\\sin \theta \sin \varphi \\\cos \theta \end{pmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {e}}_{\theta }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \theta \cos \varphi \\\cos \theta \sin \varphi \\-\sin \theta \end{pmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin \varphi \\\cos \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/357f3467c184c23b27d7eb7bc85e1ad57e9352ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:68.958ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{r}={\begin{pmatrix}\sin \theta \cos \varphi \\\sin \theta \sin \varphi \\\cos \theta \end{pmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {e}}_{\theta }={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \theta \cos \varphi \\\cos \theta \sin \varphi \\-\sin \theta \end{pmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {e}}_{\varphi }={\begin{pmatrix}-\sin \varphi \\\cos \varphi \\0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>benutzt werden. Bei einer gemeinsamen Rotation dieser Basisvektoren mit variablen Winkeln <i>φ</i> und <i>θ</i> entsteht die Winkelgeschwindigkeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\begin{pmatrix}-{\dot {\theta }}\sin \varphi \\{\dot {\theta }}\cos \varphi \\{\dot {\varphi }}\end{pmatrix}}={\dot {\varphi }}\cos \theta {\hat {e}}_{r}-{\dot {\varphi }}\sin \theta {\hat {e}}_{\theta }+{\dot {\theta }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\begin{pmatrix}-{\dot {\theta }}\sin \varphi \\{\dot {\theta }}\cos \varphi \\{\dot {\varphi }}\end{pmatrix}}={\dot {\varphi }}\cos \theta {\hat {e}}_{r}-{\dot {\varphi }}\sin \theta {\hat {e}}_{\theta }+{\dot {\theta }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3bf0df04489e7ca1ca352090b229cd1fa1267e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:48.383ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}={\begin{pmatrix}-{\dot {\theta }}\sin \varphi \\{\dot {\theta }}\cos \varphi \\{\dot {\varphi }}\end{pmatrix}}={\dot {\varphi }}\cos \theta {\hat {e}}_{r}-{\dot {\varphi }}\sin \theta {\hat {e}}_{\theta }+{\dot {\theta }}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit ihr berechnen sich die Raten der Basisvektoren, beispielsweise gemäß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{\theta }={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{\theta }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{\theta }={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{\theta }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83ed3bd2c0a74a4195b41eb7cf4358a5018d5e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.621ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{\theta }={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{\theta }.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dies ergibt sich aus den <a href="Eulersche_Winkel#Konventionen" title="Eulersche Winkel">Euler-Winkeln in der z-x′-z″-Konvention</a> mit <i>α</i> ≡ 0, <i>β = φ</i> und <i>γ = θ</i> sowie der zyklischen Vertauschung der Koordinatenrichtungen 123<sub>Euler</sub> → 312<sub>Kugel</sub>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensoren">Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensoren</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_des_Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensors">Definition des Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensors</h3></div>
<p>Das <a href="Kreuzprodukt" title="Kreuzprodukt">Kreuzprodukt</a> der Winkelgeschwindigkeit mit dem Ortsvektor kann als Vektortransformation des Ortsvektors durch den Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor angesehen werden.
</p><p>Denn eine reine Drehung von Vektoren wird durch <a href="Orthogonaler_Tensor" title="Orthogonaler Tensor">orthogonale Tensoren</a>, das sind <a href="Orthogonale_Abbildung" title="Orthogonale Abbildung">orthogonale Abbildungen</a> von Vektoren auf Vektoren, dargestellt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\vec {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\vec {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/461801ba35074e0c26de0ae058f8a0bccebe51d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.095ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\vec {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, siehe Bild. Darin ist <b>Q</b> der orthogonale Tensor mit der Eigenschaft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q\cdot Q} ^{\top }=\mathbf {Q^{\top }\cdot Q} =\mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q\cdot Q} ^{\top }=\mathbf {Q^{\top }\cdot Q} =\mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50ea35e1de6a99a10ec38cb188833ca31e790b6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.945ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q\cdot Q} ^{\top }=\mathbf {Q^{\top }\cdot Q} =\mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> (<b>1</b> ist der <a href="Einheitstensor" title="Einheitstensor">Einheitstensor</a>, das hochgestellte T bezeichnet die <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transposition</a>) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der Vektor, auf den der feste Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dc35b5a0226cf11a2c3f2d2dbbac6ab5ade6036.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span> abgebildet wird. Zeitableitung ergibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot {\vec {X}}={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\vec {x}}=:\mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot {\vec {X}}={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\vec {x}}=:\mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/deec903381e4124b877dad2369108413fc3374d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:33.385ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot {\vec {X}}={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\vec {x}}=:\mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der hier auftretende Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor <b>Ω</b> ist <a href="Schiefsymmetrische_Matrix" title="Schiefsymmetrische Matrix">schiefsymmetrisch</a> (<b>Ω</b><sup>┬</sup>=−<b>Ω</b>) wegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {1} }}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q} ^{\top })={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }+\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}^{\top }=\mathbf {\Omega +\Omega } ^{\top }=\mathbf {0} \,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold">+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">0</mn>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {1} }}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q} ^{\top })={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }+\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}^{\top }=\mathbf {\Omega +\Omega } ^{\top }=\mathbf {0} \,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab263c371132ae8978766b50ae250f9983f22392.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:53.819ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {1} }}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q} ^{\top })={\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }+\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}^{\top }=\mathbf {\Omega +\Omega } ^{\top }=\mathbf {0} \,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor_und_Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor und Winkelgeschwindigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Jeder schiefsymmetrische Tensor <b>W</b> besitzt einen dualen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {w}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {w}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b6c48cdaecf8d81481ea21b1d0c046bf34b68ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {w}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Eigenschaft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {W} \cdot {\vec {x}}={\vec {w}}\times {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">W</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {W} \cdot {\vec {x}}={\vec {w}}\times {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c85dd9b1dae60b5c5f3caaa813e8f188b7cbf67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.704ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {W} \cdot {\vec {x}}={\vec {w}}\times {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dieser duale Vektor ist beim Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor die Winkelgeschwindigkeit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}=\mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}=\mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6ec4b2ed634c4a8884215a9f884bf9e48014173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:19.116ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}=\mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der duale Vektor
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\Omega _{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\Omega _{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edb8b58ddeb69b613f5f91bb918cf7ee14c659e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:26.51ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\Omega _{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist die negative Hälfte der <a href="Vektorinvariante" title="Vektorinvariante">Vektorinvariante</a> des Tensors und als solche ein <a href="Axialer_Vektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Axialer Vektor">axialer Vektor</a>. Die Koordinaten <i>Ω</i><sub>ij</sub> des Tensors <b>Ω</b> gehören zur <a href="Standardbasis" title="Standardbasis">Standardbasis</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12714706a3960ba3f676d7a7f35781130fba0cca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.551ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Umgekehrt kann der Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor aus der Winkelgeschwindigkeit gewonnen werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } =&amp;{\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {1} :=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\omega _{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times \sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{k}:=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\omega _{i}({\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{k})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{k}={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;-\omega _{3}&amp;\omega _{2}\\\omega _{3}&amp;0&amp;-\omega _{1}\\-\omega _{2}&amp;\omega _{1}&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\\\rightarrow \mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}=&amp;({\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {1} )\cdot {\vec {x}}:={\vec {\omega }}\times (\mathbf {1} \cdot {\vec {x}})={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}},\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } =&amp;{\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {1} :=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\omega _{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times \sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{k}:=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\omega _{i}({\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{k})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{k}={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;-\omega _{3}&amp;\omega _{2}\\\omega _{3}&amp;0&amp;-\omega _{1}\\-\omega _{2}&amp;\omega _{1}&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\\\rightarrow \mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}=&amp;({\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {1} )\cdot {\vec {x}}:={\vec {\omega }}\times (\mathbf {1} \cdot {\vec {x}})={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}},\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06445e6246a6bbfdff9f2739e0891f9f653d0770.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:96.048ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } =&amp;{\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {1} :=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\omega _{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times \sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{k}:=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\omega _{i}({\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{k})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{k}={\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;-\omega _{3}&amp;\omega _{2}\\\omega _{3}&amp;0&amp;-\omega _{1}\\-\omega _{2}&amp;\omega _{1}&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\\\rightarrow \mathbf {\Omega } \cdot {\vec {x}}=&amp;({\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {1} )\cdot {\vec {x}}:={\vec {\omega }}\times (\mathbf {1} \cdot {\vec {x}})={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}},\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>vgl. <a href="Kreuzprodukt#Kreuzproduktmatrix" title="Kreuzprodukt">Kreuzproduktmatrix</a>. Das Rechenzeichen „<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \otimes }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de29098f5a34ee296a505681a0d5e875070f2aea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \otimes }" loading="lazy"></span>“ bildet das <a href="Dyadisches_Produkt" title="Dyadisches Produkt">dyadische Produkt</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor_bei_rotierenden_Vektorraumbasen">Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor bei rotierenden Vektorraumbasen</h3></div>
<p>Aus den Raten von Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54c4e62024b29bed4226a28284a74d6485307f95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.787ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Vektorraumbasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vektorraumbasis">Vektorraumbasis</a>, die eine Starrkörperrotation ausführt, kann der Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor direkt berechnet werden.
</p><p>Denn der Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} :=\sum _{i=1}^{3}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">G</mi>
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<mo>:=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} :=\sum _{i=1}^{3}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f0cb111334cbbdbf2f89e05d6596be0cf90a321.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:16.494ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} :=\sum _{i=1}^{3}{\vec {g}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>, in dem die Basisvektoren spaltenweise eingetragen sind, ist nach Voraussetzung invertierbar:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {G} |={\begin{vmatrix}{\vec {g}}_{1}&amp;{\vec {g}}_{2}&amp;{\vec {g}}_{3}\end{vmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{vmatrix}{\hat {e}}_{1}&amp;{\hat {e}}_{2}&amp;{\hat {e}}_{3}\end{vmatrix}}\neq 0.}">
<semantics>
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<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\mathbf {G} |={\begin{vmatrix}{\vec {g}}_{1}&amp;{\vec {g}}_{2}&amp;{\vec {g}}_{3}\end{vmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{vmatrix}{\hat {e}}_{1}&amp;{\hat {e}}_{2}&amp;{\hat {e}}_{3}\end{vmatrix}}\neq 0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/572988ffab4892e33c80164d45e93553f7ebf448.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.183ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\mathbf {G} |={\begin{vmatrix}{\vec {g}}_{1}&amp;{\vec {g}}_{2}&amp;{\vec {g}}_{3}\end{vmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{vmatrix}{\hat {e}}_{1}&amp;{\hat {e}}_{2}&amp;{\hat {e}}_{3}\end{vmatrix}}\neq 0.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin stehen die senkrechten Striche für die <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a>, deren Nichtverschwinden die Invertierbarkeit garantiert. Im Fall einer gemeinsamen Starrkörperrotation der Basisvektoren folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {g}}}_{1,2,3}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\dot {\mathbf {G} }}={\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {G} =\mathbf {\Omega \cdot G} \quad \leftrightarrow \quad \mathbf {\Omega } ={\dot {\mathbf {G} }}\cdot \mathbf {G} ^{-1}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {g}}}_{1,2,3}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\dot {\mathbf {G} }}={\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {G} =\mathbf {\Omega \cdot G} \quad \leftrightarrow \quad \mathbf {\Omega } ={\dot {\mathbf {G} }}\cdot \mathbf {G} ^{-1}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf4c01b8711f761ce3ed49030c72e43b418975ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:68.44ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {g}}}_{1,2,3}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\dot {\mathbf {G} }}={\vec {\omega }}\times \mathbf {G} =\mathbf {\Omega \cdot G} \quad \leftrightarrow \quad \mathbf {\Omega } ={\dot {\mathbf {G} }}\cdot \mathbf {G} ^{-1}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Umgekehrt gilt: Wenn die Zeitableitung eines Tensors <b>G</b>, multipliziert mit seiner <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inversen</a> <b>G</b><sup>−1</sup>, schiefsymmetrisch ist, dann können die Spaltenvektoren des Tensors als rotierende Basis aufgefasst werden. Im Fall, dass die Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54c4e62024b29bed4226a28284a74d6485307f95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.787ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}_{1,2,3}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> bilden, ist der Tensor <b>G</b> orthogonal und es ergibt sich die schon erwähnte Beziehung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Omega } ={\dot {\mathbf {G} }}\cdot \mathbf {G} ^{\top }.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Omega } ={\dot {\mathbf {G} }}\cdot \mathbf {G} ^{\top }.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e29078531700b0b7bee25305e0c284ad2e1831ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.068ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\Omega } ={\dot {\mathbf {G} }}\cdot \mathbf {G} ^{\top }.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exponential_des_Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensors">Exponential des Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensors</h3></div>
<p>Bei konstanter Winkelgeschwindigkeit ist der Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor ebenfalls konstant. Dann kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {G} }}=\mathbf {\Omega \cdot G} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {G} }}=\mathbf {\Omega \cdot G} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34b4148d7440679c1cd8fea50e78bbdc3f3db7b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.91ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {G} }}=\mathbf {\Omega \cdot G} }" loading="lazy"></span> bei gegebenen Anfangswert <b>G</b>(t=0) über die Zeit integriert werden mit dem Ergebnis:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} (t)=\exp(\mathbf {\Omega } t)\cdot \mathbf {G} (t=0).}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} (t)=\exp(\mathbf {\Omega } t)\cdot \mathbf {G} (t=0).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39028c5dd540e971b75b1538608420b45920d607.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.317ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} (t)=\exp(\mathbf {\Omega } t)\cdot \mathbf {G} (t=0).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Denn die ersten vier Potenzen von <b>Ω</b> berechnen sich mit der <a href="Kreuzprodukt#Graßmann-Identität" title="Kreuzprodukt">BAC-CAB-Formel</a> zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;\omega {\hat {n}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad |{\hat {n}}|=1\\\mathbf {\Omega } =&amp;\omega {\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} =\omega n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2}=&amp;(\omega n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j})\cdot (\omega n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{k}\times {\hat {e}}_{l}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l})=\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times ({\hat {e}}_{k}\times {\hat {e}}_{l})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}\\=&amp;\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{k}(\delta _{il}{\hat {e}}_{k}-\delta _{ik}{\hat {e}}_{l})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}=\omega ^{2}n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{k}\otimes n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}-\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{l}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}=-\omega ^{2}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{3}=&amp;-\omega {\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot \omega ^{2}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})=-\omega ^{3}[{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot \mathbf {1} -({\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot {\hat {n}})\otimes {\hat {n}}]=-\omega ^{3}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{4}=&amp;\omega ^{2}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-\mathbf {1} )\cdot \omega ^{2}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-\mathbf {1} )=\omega ^{4}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}+\mathbf {1} )=\omega ^{4}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\;.\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;\omega {\hat {n}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad |{\hat {n}}|=1\\\mathbf {\Omega } =&amp;\omega {\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} =\omega n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2}=&amp;(\omega n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j})\cdot (\omega n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{k}\times {\hat {e}}_{l}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l})=\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times ({\hat {e}}_{k}\times {\hat {e}}_{l})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}\\=&amp;\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{k}(\delta _{il}{\hat {e}}_{k}-\delta _{ik}{\hat {e}}_{l})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}=\omega ^{2}n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{k}\otimes n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}-\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{l}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}=-\omega ^{2}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{3}=&amp;-\omega {\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot \omega ^{2}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})=-\omega ^{3}[{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot \mathbf {1} -({\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot {\hat {n}})\otimes {\hat {n}}]=-\omega ^{3}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{4}=&amp;\omega ^{2}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-\mathbf {1} )\cdot \omega ^{2}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-\mathbf {1} )=\omega ^{4}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}+\mathbf {1} )=\omega ^{4}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\;.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba3cba1ae2421c96c50fff67ce21dac031e18ef1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.338ex; width:88.764ex; height:19.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {\omega }}=&amp;\omega {\hat {n}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad |{\hat {n}}|=1\\\mathbf {\Omega } =&amp;\omega {\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} =\omega n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2}=&amp;(\omega n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times {\hat {e}}_{j}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j})\cdot (\omega n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{k}\times {\hat {e}}_{l}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l})=\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{i}\times ({\hat {e}}_{k}\times {\hat {e}}_{l})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}\\=&amp;\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{k}(\delta _{il}{\hat {e}}_{k}-\delta _{ik}{\hat {e}}_{l})\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}=\omega ^{2}n_{k}{\hat {e}}_{k}\otimes n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}-\omega ^{2}n_{i}n_{i}{\hat {e}}_{l}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{l}=-\omega ^{2}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{3}=&amp;-\omega {\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot \omega ^{2}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})=-\omega ^{3}[{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot \mathbf {1} -({\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \cdot {\hat {n}})\otimes {\hat {n}}]=-\omega ^{3}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{4}=&amp;\omega ^{2}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-\mathbf {1} )\cdot \omega ^{2}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-\mathbf {1} )=\omega ^{4}({\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}}+\mathbf {1} )=\omega ^{4}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\;.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Oben ist die <a href="Einsteinsche_Summenkonvention" title="Einsteinsche Summenkonvention">Einsteinsche Summenkonvention</a> anzuwenden, der zufolge über in einem Produkt doppelt vorkommende Indizes von eins bis drei zu summieren ist. Nach <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Induktion" title="Vollständige Induktion">vollständiger Induktion</a> ergeben sich die Potenzen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2k}=&amp;(-1)^{k}\omega ^{2k}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2k+1}=&amp;(-1)^{k}\omega ^{2k+1}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2k}=&amp;(-1)^{k}\omega ^{2k}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2k+1}=&amp;(-1)^{k}\omega ^{2k+1}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6264e18f5baedc4ee38a80ba4395bd1be035592f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:29.989ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2k}=&amp;(-1)^{k}\omega ^{2k}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})\\\mathbf {\Omega } ^{2k+1}=&amp;(-1)^{k}\omega ^{2k+1}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für <i>k</i> = 1, 2, 3, … (keine Summen) Mit der Definition <b>Ω</b><sup>0</sup>&nbsp;:= <b>1</b> kann das <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponential</a> exp des Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensors mit der <a href="Taylorreihe#Exponentialfunktionen_und_Logarithmen" title="Taylorreihe">Taylorreihe</a> ermittelt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\exp(\mathbf {\Omega } t):=&amp;\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{k}}{k!}}=\mathbf {1} +\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}}+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {1} +\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(\omega t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(\omega t)^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \\=&amp;\mathbf {1} +[\cos(\omega t)-1](\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})+\sin(\omega t){\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \;.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\exp(\mathbf {\Omega } t):=&amp;\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{k}}{k!}}=\mathbf {1} +\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}}+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {1} +\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(\omega t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(\omega t)^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \\=&amp;\mathbf {1} +[\cos(\omega t)-1](\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})+\sin(\omega t){\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \;.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53bc63d4c099212a4157794b58a5b8810750ae2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.956ex; margin-bottom: -0.215ex; width:71.195ex; height:17.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\exp(\mathbf {\Omega } t):=&amp;\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{k}}{k!}}=\mathbf {1} +\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}}+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\mathbf {\Omega } t)^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {1} +\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(\omega t)^{2k}}{(2k)!}}(\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(\omega t)^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}{\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \\=&amp;\mathbf {1} +[\cos(\omega t)-1](\mathbf {1} -{\hat {n}}\otimes {\hat {n}})+\sin(\omega t){\hat {n}}\times \mathbf {1} \;.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die letzte Gleichung stellt einen orthogonalen Tensor dar. Wenn <b>Ω</b> nur als schiefsymmetrischer Tensor ohne das Kreuzprodukt definiert wird, lässt sich das auf <a href="Drehmatrix#Drehmatrizen_des_Raumes_ℝ³" title="Drehmatrix">Drehungen in n Dimensionen</a> verallgemeinern.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winkelgeschwindigkeit_des_starren_Körpers"><span id="Winkelgeschwindigkeit_des_starren_K.C3.B6rpers"></span>Winkelgeschwindigkeit des starren Körpers</h2></div>
<p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit eines rotierenden starren Körpers oder Bezugssystems ist eine eindeutige Größe, unabhängig von der Wahl eines Bezugspunktes oder einer Drehachse, denn an allen Punkten dreht sich die Richtung der Bahngeschwindigkeit in derselben Umlaufzeit einmal um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73efd1f6493490b058097060a572606d2c550a06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span>. Jeder Punkt eines starren Körpers hat den gleichen Winkelgeschwindigkeitsvektor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eindeutigkeit">Eindeutigkeit</h3></div>

<p>Der <a href="Starrer_K%C3%B6rper" title="Starrer Körper">starre Körper</a> möge um eine beliebige Achse rotieren. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Winkelgeschwindigkeit unabhängig ist von der Wahl des Bezugspunkts, durch den die Achse führt. Dies bedeutet, dass die Winkelgeschwindigkeit eine unabhängige Eigenschaft des rotierenden starren Körpers ist.
</p><p>Der Ursprung des Laborsystems ist in O, während O<sub>1</sub> und O<sub>2</sub> zwei Punkte auf dem starren Körper mit den Geschwindigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a584cd94de01288b5a761554fcaf6e65915ab6a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.23ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2ee61e3e94fd30f0635e99a3484d3d19a7c4ee8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.23ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind. Angenommen, die Winkelgeschwindigkeit relativ zu O<sub>1</sub> bzw. O<sub>2</sub> sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/547da725b9f2641df9491c979e7b0a9fee5c8cc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99c757602dd67a99a9a6083c2ccdd9b6a45424f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.147ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span> Da Punkt P und O<sub>2</sub> jeweils nur eine Geschwindigkeit haben, gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {r}}_{1}={\vec {v}}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {r}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {r}}_{1}={\vec {v}}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {r}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da6b9e8915a3296ca886b299864858095bad2492.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.474ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {r}}_{1}={\vec {v}}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {r}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}={\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {r}}={\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times ({\vec {r}}_{1}-{\vec {r}}_{2})\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}={\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {r}}={\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times ({\vec {r}}_{1}-{\vec {r}}_{2})\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1e87815b3a1c0979c4e75309431f3345ec2dd4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.967ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}={\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {r}}={\vec {v}}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times ({\vec {r}}_{1}-{\vec {r}}_{2})\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Einsetzen der unteren Gleichung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2ee61e3e94fd30f0635e99a3484d3d19a7c4ee8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.23ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> in die obere ergibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {\omega }}_{1}-{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {r}}_{2}={\vec {0}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {\omega }}_{1}-{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {r}}_{2}={\vec {0}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c2bdadf15f27802290dd1f38e72bc2c5960dc06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.32ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {\omega }}_{1}-{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {r}}_{2}={\vec {0}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da der Punkt P (und damit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c026fd0d6f679bda24121c0e1fdcfa40fbf82dce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.277ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>) beliebig wählbar ist, folgt daraus:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}={\vec {\omega }}_{2}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}={\vec {\omega }}_{2}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c34aa90459620b6431d294ae35335ba61652e8e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.391ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}={\vec {\omega }}_{2}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit des starren Körpers ist somit unabhängig von der Wahl des Bezugspunkts der Drehachse. Somit ist beispielsweise die Messung der <a href="Gierrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gierrate">Gierrate</a> in einem Fahrzeug unabhängig vom Einbauort des <a href="Gierratensensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gierratensensor">Gierratensensors</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommutative_Addition_von_Winkelgeschwindigkeiten">Kommutative Addition von Winkelgeschwindigkeiten</h2></div>

<p>Obwohl Drehungen im Allgemeinen in ihrer Reihenfolge nicht vertauscht werden dürfen, ist bei der Winkelgeschwindigkeit die <a href="Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz">Kommutativität</a> der Addition gegeben. Es spielt keine Rolle, in welcher Reihenfolge die Komponenten der Winkelgeschwindigkeit oder ganze Winkelgeschwindigkeitsvektoren addiert werden (anders als bei endlichen Drehungen, siehe Bild).
</p><p>Mathematisch kann das durch Drehungen mit zwei Winkelgeschwindigkeiten in einem (infinitesimal) kleinen Zeitintervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/588a981eb3c6f32c01153f8710a7f70029b5e553.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.132ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span> gezeigt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Zeitintervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/588a981eb3c6f32c01153f8710a7f70029b5e553.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.132ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span> bewegt sich ein Partikel am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'={\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>′</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'={\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/258a880adff52cd68c8b2aa033a842490c8bbeed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.472ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'={\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span>. Eine weitere Drehung mit der Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}''={\vec {x}}'+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}'\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ccbbb2b853e3c6fe406455b103ad0cf1f2f2f92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.294ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}''={\vec {x}}'+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}'\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Verschiebung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}_{12}:=&amp;\ {\vec {x}}''-{\vec {x}}={\vec {x}}'+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}'\,\mathrm {d} t-{\vec {x}}\\=&amp;\ ({\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t)+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times ({\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t)\,\mathrm {d} t-{\vec {x}}\\=&amp;\ {\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times ({\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}})\,\mathrm {d} t^{2}.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}_{12}:=&amp;\ {\vec {x}}''-{\vec {x}}={\vec {x}}'+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}'\,\mathrm {d} t-{\vec {x}}\\=&amp;\ ({\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t)+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times ({\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t)\,\mathrm {d} t-{\vec {x}}\\=&amp;\ {\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times ({\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}})\,\mathrm {d} t^{2}.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/533d423a49d6ba42d8c1ffbfda3be3d68287031e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:54.138ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}_{12}:=&amp;\ {\vec {x}}''-{\vec {x}}={\vec {x}}'+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}'\,\mathrm {d} t-{\vec {x}}\\=&amp;\ ({\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t)+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times ({\vec {x}}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t)\,\mathrm {d} t-{\vec {x}}\\=&amp;\ {\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times {\vec {x}}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}\times ({\vec {\omega }}_{1}\times {\vec {x}})\,\mathrm {d} t^{2}.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Grenzwert_(Folge)" title="Grenzwert (Folge)">Grenzwert</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t\to 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t\to 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0eb6d9fb515f146d95c4647617853e46ba6b3125.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.909ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t\to 0}" loading="lazy"></span> kann berechnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=\lim _{\mathrm {d} t\to 0}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}_{12}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=\lim _{\mathrm {d} t\to 0}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}_{12}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e7cecfb31b7c0570d39c2070eed86382f740ae8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:34.209ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=\lim _{\mathrm {d} t\to 0}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}_{12}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Geschwindigkeit entspricht einer Drehung mit der Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d1266120320c1f3335cec8c91e2cf8ed5493c51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.84ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bei umgekehrter Reihenfolge der infinitesimalen Drehungen leitet sich ein identisches Ergebnis für die Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9044e6c4d791e88213c220638230e0b84c30dfb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.206ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}}" loading="lazy"></span> ab. Deswegen addieren sich Winkelgeschwindigkeiten wie Vektoren und infinitesimal kleine Drehungen sind –&nbsp;anders als große Drehungen&nbsp;– in ihrer Reihenfolge vertauschbar.
</p>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<tbody><tr>
<td>Beweis mit Tensorrechnung&nbsp;
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Drehungen können mit orthogonalen Tensoren beschrieben werden, von denen zwei, <b>Q</b><sub>1,2</sub>, gegeben seinen. Mit den Definitionen
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } _{k}:=&amp;{\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{k}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\\{\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{k}:=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{k}=\mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\cdot \mathbf {\Omega } _{k}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{k}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } _{k}:=&amp;{\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{k}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\\{\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{k}:=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{k}=\mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\cdot \mathbf {\Omega } _{k}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{k}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f41fa21cdd5616bf1f89189863d6d0287a4193c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:31.258ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {\Omega } _{k}:=&amp;{\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{k}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\\{\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{k}:=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{k}=\mathbf {Q} _{k}^{\top }\cdot \mathbf {\Omega } _{k}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{k}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für <i>k</i> = 1, 2 berechnet sich die Geschwindigkeit eines Vektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{21}=\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{21}=\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d17d71fef81d2c30f99e0a311fe09dff7f22613.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.767ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{21}=\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der durch Drehung aus dem festen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dc35b5a0226cf11a2c3f2d2dbbac6ab5ade6036.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span> hervorgeht, zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}=&amp;({\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}+\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2})\cdot {\vec {X}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot (\mathbf {Q} _{1}^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1}+{\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}^{\top })\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot ({\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{1}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{2})\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}\;.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}=&amp;({\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}+\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2})\cdot {\vec {X}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot (\mathbf {Q} _{1}^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1}+{\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}^{\top })\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot ({\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{1}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{2})\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}\;.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/335a12d8b7c99d216c0372d4d0ba12804441b9c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:40.722ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}=&amp;({\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}+\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2})\cdot {\vec {X}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot (\mathbf {Q} _{1}^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1}+{\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}^{\top })\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}\\=&amp;\mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot ({\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{1}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{2})\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\vec {X}}\;.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei umgekehrter Reihenfolge der Rotationen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{12}=\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\vec {X}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{12}=\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\vec {X}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd157426e9349c1827a8112851a40448add3194e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.414ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{12}=\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\vec {X}},}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich analog die im Allgemeinen andere Geschwindigkeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=({\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}+\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1})\cdot {\vec {X}}=\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot ({\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{2}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{1})\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\vec {X}}\,.}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=({\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}+\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1})\cdot {\vec {X}}=\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot ({\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{2}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{1})\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\vec {X}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53794bafb23aa539115e302d918162a4a7a780f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:58.114ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=({\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{2}\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}+\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {Q} }}_{1})\cdot {\vec {X}}=\mathbf {Q} _{2}\cdot ({\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{2}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{1})\cdot \mathbf {Q} _{1}\cdot {\vec {X}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Identitäten gelten bei beliebig großen Rotationen. Berechnung der Geschwindigkeiten im Zustand <b>Q</b><sub>1,2</sub> = <b>1</b> liefert die Winkelgeschwindigkeiten am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:={\vec {x}}_{12}={\vec {x}}_{21}={\vec {X}}.}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:={\vec {x}}_{12}={\vec {x}}_{21}={\vec {X}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98038907640fd89945c266393b80bbe69fdad920.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.311ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:={\vec {x}}_{12}={\vec {x}}_{21}={\vec {X}}.}" loading="lazy"></span> Dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{1,2}=\mathbf {\Omega } _{1,2}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{1,2}=\mathbf {\Omega } _{1,2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c33f7f709557aaf0c2e00e825d50b19ce1137b84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.628ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {\Omega } }}_{1,2}=\mathbf {\Omega } _{1,2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die obigen Gleichungen spezialisieren sich zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}=&amp;(\mathbf {\Omega } _{1}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{2})\cdot {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}\\{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=&amp;(\mathbf {\Omega } _{2}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{1})\cdot {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1})\times {\vec {x}}\,,\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}=&amp;(\mathbf {\Omega } _{1}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{2})\cdot {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}\\{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=&amp;(\mathbf {\Omega } _{2}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{1})\cdot {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1})\times {\vec {x}}\,,\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afc679a9ac9765de103e5555bcd4489e2f5f4880.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:37.992ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}=&amp;(\mathbf {\Omega } _{1}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{2})\cdot {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}\\{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}=&amp;(\mathbf {\Omega } _{2}+\mathbf {\Omega } _{1})\cdot {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1})\times {\vec {x}}\,,\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>siehe <a href="#Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor_und_Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeitstensor und Winkelgeschwindigkeit</a>. Weil die Addition von Tensoren kommutativ ist, stimmen die Geschwindigkeiten überein:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}={\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}={\vec {v}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1})\times {\vec {x}}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}={\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}={\vec {v}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1})\times {\vec {x}}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33a151d06fe7a98e0ec22dc8ce4a4640ecc8e176.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.913ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{21}={\dot {\vec {x}}}_{12}={\vec {v}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{1}+{\vec {\omega }}_{2})\times {\vec {x}}=({\vec {\omega }}_{2}+{\vec {\omega }}_{1})\times {\vec {x}}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Somit ist die Kommutativität der Addition der Winkelgeschwindigkeiten erwiesen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen_und_Beispiele">Anwendungen und Beispiele</h2></div>
<p>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit tritt in vielen Gleichungen und Anwendungsfällen der Physik, der <a href="Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> oder der <a href="Technik" title="Technik">Technik</a> auf.
</p>
<ul><li>Ein Himmelskörper, der sich in einer Entfernung <i>R</i> von der Erde mit Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7be17a7e5bec78adf7afc13d266bdd9514963783.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.954ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> senkrecht zur <a href="Visur" title="Visur">Sehlinie</a> bewegt, zeigt am Himmel eine scheinbare Winkelgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =v_{t}/R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =v_{t}/R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/557eec85951f7f067b55c5e49158b3373fb2ac6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.38ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =v_{t}/R}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bei <a href="Meteor" title="Meteor">Meteoren</a> (Sternschnuppen) kann sie bis zu 90° pro Sekunde ausmachen, <a href="Erdnaher_Asteroid" title="Erdnaher Asteroid">sehr</a> nahe <a href="Kleinplanet" title="Kleinplanet">Kleinplaneten</a> oder Kometen können sich am Himmel einige Grad pro Stunde bewegen. Bei Sternen wird die Winkelgeschwindigkeit in <a href="Winkelsekunde" title="Winkelsekunde">Winkelsekunden</a> pro Jahr angegeben und <a href="Eigenbewegung_(Astronomie)" title="Eigenbewegung (Astronomie)">Eigenbewegung</a> genannt.</li>
<li>Nach dem <a href="Keplersche_Gesetze" title="Keplersche Gesetze">dritten Kepler’schen Gesetz</a> verhalten sich die Quadrate der Umlaufzeiten <i>T</i> der Planeten wie die dritten Potenzen der großen Halbachsen <i>a</i> ihrer Bahnen. Die Winkelgeschwindigkeiten verhalten sich demnach wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \propto 1/a^{3/2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \propto 1/a^{3/2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17e560b2190f072e3af5ffc407e9c9a65d2f0be7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.797ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \propto 1/a^{3/2}}" loading="lazy"></span> („Kepler-Rotation“). Gemäß dem zweiten Kepler’schen Gesetz ist die Winkelgeschwindigkeit eines Planeten auf einer elliptischen Umlaufbahn in Bezug auf die Sonne vom jeweiligen Abstand abhängig und variiert somit längs der Bahn. Sie ist am größten, wenn der Planet sich im <a href="Perihel" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihel">Perihel</a> befindet, und am kleinsten, wenn er sich im <a href="Aphel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphel">Aphel</a> befindet.</li>
<li>Bei der Rotation eines <a href="Starrer_K%C3%B6rper" title="Starrer Körper">starren Körpers</a> um eine ortsfeste Achse ist die Winkelgeschwindigkeit ω im Gegensatz zur Geschwindigkeit <i>v</i> vom Radius unabhängig. Seine <a href="Rotationsenergie" title="Rotationsenergie">Rotationsenergie</a> und sein <a href="Drehimpuls" title="Drehimpuls">Drehimpuls</a> sind Funktionen seiner Winkelgeschwindigkeit.</li>
<li>Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit eines Rotors in einem <a href="Elektromotor" title="Elektromotor">Elektromotor</a>, der sich konstant mit 3.000 Umdrehungen pro Minute dreht, beträgt</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \cdot 3000{\tfrac {1}{\text{min}}}\cdot {\tfrac {1\,{\text{min}}}{60\,{\text{s}}}}=314{,}16\,{\tfrac {\text{rad}}{\text{s}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3000</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mfrac>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<mtext>min</mtext>
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<mn>60</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mtext>s</mtext>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>314</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>16</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
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<mtext>s</mtext>
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<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \cdot 3000{\tfrac {1}{\text{min}}}\cdot {\tfrac {1\,{\text{min}}}{60\,{\text{s}}}}=314{,}16\,{\tfrac {\text{rad}}{\text{s}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/804185d6dbdfb55662fc607edd003d9e12d0953f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:37.217ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \cdot 3000{\tfrac {1}{\text{min}}}\cdot {\tfrac {1\,{\text{min}}}{60\,{\text{s}}}}=314{,}16\,{\tfrac {\text{rad}}{\text{s}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Bei solchen Angaben von <a href="Drehzahl" title="Drehzahl">Drehzahlen</a> werden häufig Einheiten wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {U}{min}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {U}{min}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1105e5c791a1958e4ac9d3794fe9c9759fcf0d8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.576ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {U}{min}} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {1}{min}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {1}{min}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/619eb4c061ab864d85cacb9f418abdd848879376.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.576ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {1}{min}} }" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet, siehe dazu den Artikel <a href="Drehzahl#Definition_und_Einheit" title="Drehzahl">Drehzahl</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Kreisfrequenz der harmonischen Schwingung eines <a href="Pendel" title="Pendel">Pendels</a> mit der <a href="Amplitude" title="Amplitude">Amplitude</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c29e64043bc6702ec51a4c08ba1a94dc3b7412e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.535ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann berechnet sich die Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Pendels als Funktion der Zeit:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega (t)={\dot {\varphi }}(t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}[{\hat {\varphi }}\cdot \sin(\omega _{0}t)]={\hat {\varphi }}\cdot \omega _{0}\cdot \cos(\omega _{0}t)\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega (t)={\dot {\varphi }}(t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}[{\hat {\varphi }}\cdot \sin(\omega _{0}t)]={\hat {\varphi }}\cdot \omega _{0}\cdot \cos(\omega _{0}t)\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e91b8506bb8cddd849ac25cea21f7cef04a5eee7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:49.999ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega (t)={\dot {\varphi }}(t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}[{\hat {\varphi }}\cdot \sin(\omega _{0}t)]={\hat {\varphi }}\cdot \omega _{0}\cdot \cos(\omega _{0}t)\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Bei <a href="Flugzeug" title="Flugzeug">Flugzeugen</a> oder <a href="Pkw" class="mw-redirect" title="Pkw">Pkw</a> werden die Winkelgeschwindigkeiten in Komponenten des fahrzeugfesten Koordinatensystems angegeben. Entsprechend den x-, y-, z-Komponenten spricht man von Roll/Wankgeschwindigkeit, Nickgeschwindigkeit, Giergeschwindigkeit. Näheres dazu findet sich
<ul><li>im Flugwesen unter <a href="Rollachse" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollachse">Rollachse</a>, <a href="Querachse" title="Querachse">Querachse</a>, <a href="Gierachse" title="Gierachse">Gierachse</a> und</li>
<li>im Fahrzeugbau unter <a href="Fahrdynamik" title="Fahrdynamik">Fahrdynamik</a>.</li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p>Die <i>Winkelgeschwindigkeit</i> wird in vielen Lehrbüchern und Formelsammlungen der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften behandelt.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Horst_St%C3%B6cker" title="Horst Stöcker">Horst Stöcker</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch der Physik</cite>. 6. Auflage. Harri Deutsch, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8171-1860-1.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Winkelgeschwindigkeit&amp;rft.au=Horst+St%C3%B6cker&amp;rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+der+Physik&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783817118601&amp;rft.pub=Harri+Deutsch" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Lothar Papula: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematik für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler 1</cite>. 12. Auflage. Vieweg+Teubner, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0545-4.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Winkelgeschwindigkeit&amp;rft.au=Lothar+Papula&amp;rft.btitle=Mathematik+f%C3%BCr+Ingenieure+und+Naturwissenschaftler+1&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=12&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834805454&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg%2BTeubner" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-KnaebelJäger2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KnaebelJäger2009_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Knaebel, Helmut Jäger, Roland Mastel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Technische Schwingungslehre</cite>. Springer-Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8351-0180-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>8<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=8BIvfpZO-hMC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;hl=de">books.google.com.</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Winkelgeschwindigkeit&amp;rft.au=Manfred+Knaebel%2C+Helmut+J%C3%A4ger%2C+Roland+Mastel&amp;rft.btitle=Technische+Schwingungslehre&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783835101807&amp;rft.pages=8+ff.&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Eichler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physik. Grundlagen für das Ingenieurstudium – kurz und prägnant</cite>. Springer DE, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8348-9942-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>112</span>, <a href="Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:1111-20110310734">nbn:de:1111-20110310734</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=rqrjD7PL4ngC&amp;pg=PA112#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Winkelgeschwindigkeit&amp;rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Eichler&amp;rft.btitle=Physik.+Grundlagen+f%C3%BCr+das+Ingenieurstudium+-+kurz+und+pr%C3%A4gnant&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783834899422&amp;rft.pages=112&amp;rft.pub=Springer+DE" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Institut für Physik an der Universität Rostock (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Theoretische Physik II – Theoretische Mechanik</cite>. Kapitel 5 – Starrer Körper und Kreiseltheorie. <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>109</span> (<a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Defekte_Weblinks&amp;dwl=http://www.qms.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/Physik_Festkoerpertheorie/Lehre_Scheel/Theoretische_Physik_II_-_Theoretische_Mechanik/Theor_Phy_II_Kapitel_5_-_Starrer_Koerper_und_Kreiseltheorie.pdf"><small>Die nachstehende Seite ist nicht mehr abrufbar</small></a><small>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timetravel.mementoweb.org/list/2010/http://www.qms.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/Physik_Festkoerpertheorie/Lehre_Scheel/Theoretische_Physik_II_-_Theoretische_Mechanik/Theor_Phy_II_Kapitel_5_-_Starrer_Koerper_und_Kreiseltheorie.pdf">Suche in Webarchiven</a>.) </small> <span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadurl.invalid/http://www.qms.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/Physik_Festkoerpertheorie/Lehre_Scheel/Theoretische_Physik_II_-_Theoretische_Mechanik/Theor_Phy_II_Kapitel_5_-_Starrer_Koerper_und_Kreiseltheorie.pdf">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qms.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/Physik_Festkoerpertheorie/Lehre_Scheel/Theoretische_Physik_II_-_Theoretische_Mechanik/Theor_Phy_II_Kapitel_5_-_Starrer_Koerper_und_Kreiseltheorie.pdf">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Toter Link/www.qms.uni-rostock.de</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qms.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/Physik_Festkoerpertheorie/Lehre_Scheel/Theoretische_Physik_II_-_Theoretische_Mechanik/Theor_Phy_II_Kapitel_5_-_Starrer_Koerper_und_Kreiseltheorie.pdf"> online</a> [abgerufen am 6.&nbsp;Juni 2017]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Winkelgeschwindigkeit&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretische+Physik+II+-+Theoretische+Mechanik&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=109" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4265086-0">4265086-0</a></span> </div>
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